ERIC Number: EJ1474131
Record Type: Journal
Publication Date: 2025
Pages: 19
Abstractor: As Provided
ISBN: N/A
ISSN: ISSN-0030-9230
EISSN: EISSN-1477-674X
Available Date: 0000-00-00
Australian Women Teachers, Ageing and Activism in and beyond the Educational State, 1920s-1970s
Paedagogica Historica: International Journal of the History of Education, v61 n3 p414-432 2025
This paper examines South Australian women teachers' work in a centralised, patriarchal bureaucratic educational state. Focusing on women teachers in the capital city of Adelaide, the essay features two senior teachers, Phebe Watson (1876-1964) and Adelaide Miethke (1881-1962), and draws on the experiences of two additional long-serving teachers, May Mills (1890-1984) and Ruth Gibson (1901-1972). Given a strict marriage bar to women teachers' employment in the South Australian state school system, they were single women. Additionally, chronological age and the ageing process, gender and marital status were intertwined and foundational to many regulations and processes that governed teachers work, including a statutory retirement age of sixty for women. Deploying an intersectional analysis, the paper demonstrates that the four women negotiated pejorative discourses of gender, ageing and marital status while ascending a "service ladder" to senior positions of responsibility, thereby enabling their activism and leadership in teachers unions and women's organisations that were based in the capital city. Liberated from employment at age sixty, they applied their professional expertise and organisational skills in new fields of socio-political activism. In so doing, these senior single women continued to forge productive lives and challenge the inequalities of age and gender during their retirement.
Descriptors: Foreign Countries, Aging (Individuals), Activism, Gender Differences, Unions, Teacher Leadership, Leadership Role, Females, Organizations (Groups), Age Differences, Marital Status, Educational History, Public Schools, Marriage, Teacher Employment, Public Policy, Retirement, Intersectionality, Career Development, Urban Areas, Expertise, Political Attitudes, Social Action, Sex Fairness
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Publication Type: Journal Articles; Reports - Research
Education Level: N/A
Audience: N/A
Language: English
Sponsor: N/A
Authoring Institution: N/A
Identifiers - Location: Australia
Grant or Contract Numbers: N/A
Author Affiliations: 1Department of Education, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia