This article examines how shadow education is changing with digital platforms. Using the case of Egyptian education, it argues that digital learning platforms and social media platforms are profoundly penetrating Egypt's private tutoring landscape in a process of platformization. Rather than adding an online type of tutoring to an already-existing…

The recent dynamic turn in second language acquisition research has called for an investigation in learner agency by taking its complex dynamic nature into account. Informed by complex dynamic systems theory (CDST), this study investigated the agency of learners in a complex educational context where mainstream schooling and private tutoring…

The so-called shadow education system of private supplementary tutoring has in some contexts been described as privatization by default rather than by government policy. An allied literature shows that while such tutoring claims to supplement, it may also undermine schooling. This paper, with data from Myanmar, identifies ways in which shadow…

The establishment of private universities in Greece sparked concerns in the academic community. For about a month, two images of private universities were juxtaposed. The media and government officials communicated an optimistic image emphasising the purported benefits to the county's economy. Critics argued that establishing private universities…

Purpose: Education can be classified into formal and informal sectors--the first category as a regular schooling system and the latter category as private tutoring. After completing secondary education, students in many countries receive education from private tutoring to get admission into the university. This study examines the effect of private…

Based on the survey data of shadow education activities of junior middle school students in Dalian, China in 2020, this paper analyzes the socio-spatial differentiation of participation, activity spatial distribution and travel distance. It's found that: (1) The participation rate reaches 74.17%. In general, the higher socioeconomic status strata…

This paper explores the regulators' perspective and demonstrates how legitimacy deficits of private universities outweigh performance results in decisions regarding university inspections. We examined the period when the regulator had an urgent claim on Russian universities, particularly during the campaign to 'clean the system of higher…

Shadow education (various forms or types of private supplementary tutoring) and its implications and determinants have been explored by the scholarly literature, yet gaps remain in the understanding of its complex relationships with mainstream schooling in various national settings. This study reduces one of these gaps by scrutinising the role of…

Studies have shown how family (typically parents) and formal institutions (specifically schools and universities) shape individuals' dispositions--or "habitus." However, other sites of academic socialisation, such as tutoring centres and coaching institutions (collectively forming a shadow education system), are seldom scrutinised for…

The New Generation School (NGS) initiative, launched by the government of Cambodia in 2015, aims to improve the quality of education including raising teaching standards; improving student performance; innovating curriculum; and introducing accountability measures. Similar to charter schools in the USA, the NGSs operate as autonomous schools and…

The main purpose of this research was to investigate the phenomenon of shadow education in Greece. In this research, the quantitative research method is combined with the qualitative method. The results showed that the liberalization of education during the recent decades was accurately implemented in the institution of shadow education. Knowledge…

This study investigated whether various aspects of the home learning environment -- that is, learning-related processes, parental perceptions of their child, and structural characteristics -- predicted private tutoring attendance in Grade 8. We used the data of 7393 students from the German National Educational Panel Study. Seventeen percent of…

Employing Stephen Ball's notion of network governance, this study examines the relationships between private companies, non-profit organizations, and public institutions involved with music education in the United States (US) and Canada during the COVID-19 pandemic. To identify which public and private actors had a hand in shaping music education…

This study delves into the firsthand experiences of educators within private Arab schools in Israel in response to the escalating trends of privatization. Through conducting semi-structured interviews with 10 principals and educators from private institutions, a phenomenological approach was employed to uncover their perspectives on achievements…

This paper examines and builds on an earlier contribution to this journal focusing on private supplementary tutoring -- widely known as shadow education -- in Francophone West and Central Africa. Drawing on wider literature about research methods in this domain, it examines the basis for the numerical estimates presented in the original article…