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In 2026

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Exceptional Children

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A Critical Appraisal of the Evidence on Racial Disproportionality in Special Education

Peer reviewed

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Rachel Elizabeth Fish; Kenneth Shores; João M. Souto Maior – Exceptional Children, 2026

This essay provides a two-pronged critical assessment of a subset of the literature on racial disproportionality in special education: that which aims to estimate racial disparities among otherwise similar children. This body of research has shown that Black students are less likely than "comparable" White students to receive special…

Descriptors: Disproportionate Representation, Race, Special Education, African American Students