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Fabian Tomaschek; Michael Ramscar; Jessie S. Nixon – Cognitive Science, 2024
Sequence learning is fundamental to a wide range of cognitive functions. Explaining how sequences--and the relations between the elements they comprise--are learned is a fundamental challenge to cognitive science. However, although hundreds of articles addressing this question are published each year, the actual learning mechanisms involved in the…
Descriptors: Sequential Learning, Learning Processes, Serial Learning, Executive Function
Chunking versus Transitional Probabilities: Differentiating between Theories of Statistical Learning
Emerson, Samantha N.; Conway, Christopher M. – Cognitive Science, 2023
There are two main approaches to how statistical patterns are extracted from sequences: The transitional probability approach proposes that statistical learning occurs through the computation of probabilities between items in a sequence. The chunking approach, including models such as PARSER and TRACX, proposes that units are extracted as chunks.…
Descriptors: Statistics Education, Learning Processes, Learning Theories, Pattern Recognition
Eva Viviani; Michael Ramscar; Elizabeth Wonnacott – Cognitive Science, 2024
Ramscar, Yarlett, Dye, Denny, and Thorpe (2010) showed how, consistent with the predictions of error-driven learning models, the order in which stimuli are presented in training can affect category learning. Specifically, learners exposed to artificial language input where objects preceded their labels learned the discriminating features of…
Descriptors: Symbolic Learning, Learning Processes, Artificial Intelligence, Prediction
Erdin Mujezinovic; Vsevolod Kapatsinski; Ruben van de Vijver – Cognitive Science, 2024
A word often expresses many different morphological functions. Which part of a word contributes to which part of the overall meaning is not always clear, which raises the question as to how such functions are learned. While linguistic studies tacitly assume the co-occurrence of cues and outcomes to suffice in learning these functions (Baer-Henney,…
Descriptors: Morphology (Languages), Phonology, Morphemes, Cues
Li, Michael Y.; Callaway, Fred; Thompson, William D.; Adams, Ryan P.; Griffiths, Thomas L. – Cognitive Science, 2023
Humans can learn complex functional relationships between variables from small amounts of data. In doing so, they draw on prior expectations about the form of these relationships. In three experiments, we show that people learn to adjust these expectations through experience, learning about the likely forms of the functions they will encounter.…
Descriptors: Learning Processes, Expectation, Experience, Relationship
Francisco Barbosa Escobar; Qian Janice Wang – Cognitive Science, 2024
The interest in crossmodal correspondences, including those involving sounds and involving tastes, has experienced rapid growth in recent years. However, the mechanisms underlying these correspondences are not well understood. In the present study (N = 302), we used an associative learning paradigm, based on previous literature using simple sounds…
Descriptors: Foreign Countries, Learning Modalities, Adults, Acoustics
Rey, Arnaud; Fagot, Joël; Mathy, Fabien; Lazartigues, Laura; Tosatto, Laure; Bonafos, Guillem; Freyermuth, Jean-Marc; Lavigne, Frédéric – Cognitive Science, 2022
The extraction of cooccurrences between two events, A and B, is a central learning mechanism shared by all species capable of associative learning. Formally, the cooccurrence of events A and B appearing in a sequence is measured by the transitional probability (TP) between these events, and it corresponds to the probability of the second stimulus…
Descriptors: Animals, Learning Processes, Associative Learning, Serial Learning
Schmid, Samuel; Saddy, Douglas; Franck, Julie – Cognitive Science, 2023
In this article, we explore the extraction of recursive nested structure in the processing of binary sequences. Our aim was to determine whether humans learn the higher-order regularities of a highly simplified input where only sequential-order information marks the hierarchical structure. To this end, we implemented a sequence generated by the…
Descriptors: Learning Processes, Sequential Learning, Grammar, Language Processing
Jaffe-Dax, Sagi; Potter, Christine E.; Leung, Tiffany S.; Emberson, Lauren L.; Lew-Williams, Casey – Cognitive Science, 2023
Perception is not an independent, in-the-moment event. Instead, perceiving involves integrating prior expectations with current observations. How does this ability develop from infancy through adulthood? We examined how prior visual experience shapes visual perception in infants, children, and adults. Using an identical task across age groups, we…
Descriptors: Memory, Visual Perception, Infants, Children
Fangli Xia; Mitchell J. Nathan; Kelsey E. Schenck; Michael I. Swart – Cognitive Science, 2025
Task-relevant actions can facilitate mathematical thinking, even for complex topics, such as mathematical proof. We investigated whether such cognitive benefits also occur for action predictions. The action-cognition transduction (ACT) model posits a reciprocal relationship between movements and reasoning. Movements--imagined as well as real ones…
Descriptors: Undergraduate Students, Geometry, Mathematical Concepts, Mathematics Instruction
Eliza L. Congdon; Elizabeth M. Wakefield; Miriam A. Novack; Naureen Hemani-Lopez; Susan Goldin-Meadow – Cognitive Science, 2024
Gestures--hand movements that accompany speech and express ideas--can help children learn how to solve problems, flexibly generalize learning to novel problem-solving contexts, and retain what they have learned. But does it matter who is doing the gesturing? We know that producing gesture leads to better comprehension of a message than watching…
Descriptors: Nonverbal Communication, Predictor Variables, Learning Processes, Generalization
Susan Wagner Cook; Elle M. D. Wernette; Madison Valentine; Mary Aldugom; Todd Pruner; Kimberly M. Fenn – Cognitive Science, 2024
Although children learn more when teachers gesture, it is not clear "how" gesture supports learning. Here, we sought to investigate the nature of the memory processes that underlie the observed benefits of gesture on lasting learning. We hypothesized that instruction with gesture might create memory representations that are particularly…
Descriptors: Prior Learning, Nonverbal Communication, Grade 2, Grade 3
Schuetze, Brendan A.; Yan, Veronica X. – Cognitive Science, 2022
Learners are often constrained by their available study time, typically having to make a trade-off between depth and breadth of learning. Classic experimental paradigms in memory research treat all items as equally important, but this is unlikely the case in reality. Rather, information varies in importance, and people vary in their ability to…
Descriptors: Learning Processes, Study Habits, Time Factors (Learning), Time Management
Aislinn Keogh; Simon Kirby; Jennifer Culbertson – Cognitive Science, 2024
General principles of human cognition can help to explain why languages are more likely to have certain characteristics than others: structures that are difficult to process or produce will tend to be lost over time. One aspect of cognition that is implicated in language use is working memory--the component of short-term memory used for temporary…
Descriptors: Language Variation, Learning Processes, Short Term Memory, Schemata (Cognition)
Abel, Roman – Cognitive Science, 2023
Research on sequence effects on learning "visual" categories has shown that interleaving (i.e., studying the categories in a mixed manner) facilitates category induction as compared to blocking (i.e., studying the categories one by one), but learners are unaware of the interleaving effect and prefer blocking. However, little attention…
Descriptors: Sequential Learning, Sensory Experience, Learning Modalities, Auditory Stimuli