Question generation (QG) task plays a crucial role in adaptive learning. While significant QG performance advancements are reported, the existing QG studies are still far from practical usage. One point that needs strengthening is to consider the generation of question group, which remains untouched. For forming a question group, intrafactors…

Learning outcome modeling is a technical underpinning for the successful evaluation of learners' learning outcomes through computer-based assessments. In recent years, collaborative filtering approaches have gained popularity as a technique to model learners' item responses. However, how to model the temporal dependencies between item responses…

Automatic grading of short answers is an important task in computer-assisted assessment (CAA). Recently, embeddings, as semantic-rich textual representations, have been increasingly used to represent short answers and predict the grade. Despite the recent trend of applying embeddings in automatic short answer grading (ASAG), there are no…

In automated essay scoring (AES), essays are automatically graded without human raters. Many AES models based on various manually designed features or various architectures of deep neural networks (DNNs) have been proposed over the past few decades. Each AES model has unique advantages and characteristics. Therefore, rather than using a single-AES…

Multiple-choice questions (MCQs) are widely used in digital learning systems, as they allow for automating the assessment process. However, owing to the increased digital literacy of students and the advent of social media platforms, MCQ tests are widely shared online, and teachers are continuously challenged to create new questions, which is an…

Free text answers to short questions can reflect students' mastery of concepts and their relationships relevant to learning objectives. However, automating the assessment of free text answers has been challenging due to the complexity of natural language. Existing studies often predict the scores of free text answers in a "black box"…

Advanced digital technologies and social media have greatly improved both the learning experience and the assessment convenience, while inadvertently facilitated potential plagiarism and collaborative cheating at the same time. In this article, we will focus on the strategies and their technological implementations to run exams, or in-class tests…

The present study is related to the problem associated with student assessment with online examinations at higher educational institutes (HEIs). With the current COVID-19 outbreak, the majority of educational institutes are conducting online examinations to assess their students, where there would always be a chance that the students go for…

Prescreening children for specific learning disabilities, e.g., dyslexia, is essential for effective intervention. With a quick and reliable prescreening result, special education coordinators (SENCOs) can provide students with early intervention and relieve their learning pressure. Unfortunately, due to the limited resources, many students in…

The student-generated question (SGQ) strategy is an effective instructional strategy for developing students' higher order cognitive and critical thinking. However, assessing the quality of SGQs is time consuming and domain experts intensive. Previous automatic evaluation work focused on surface-level features of questions. To overcome this…

Reading comprehension tasks are commonly used for developing students' reading ability. In order to adaptively recommend reading comprehension materials to students engaged in computerized testing, the information in an item bank (a collection of test items stored in a dataset) must be effectively indexed. Familiarity with the topics present in…

Educational assessments often require uniform test forms, for which each test form has equivalent measurement accuracy but with a different set of items. For uniform test assembly, an important issue is the increase of the number of assembled uniform tests. Although many automatic uniform test assembly methods exist, the maximum clique algorithm…

This article introduces Xiao-Shih, the first intelligent question answering bot on Chinese-based massive open online courses (MOOCs). Question answering is critical for solving individual problems. However, instructors on MOOCs must respond to many questions, and learners must wait a long time for answers. To address this issue, Xiao-Shih…

In a concept learning scenario, any technology-supported learning system must provide students with mechanisms that help them with the acquisition of the concepts to be learned. For the technology-supported learning systems to be successful in this task, the development of didactic material is crucial--a hard task that could be alleviated by means…

Multiple-choice question (MCQ) plays a significant role in educational assessment. Automatic MCQ generation has been an active research area for years, and many systems have been developed for MCQ generation. Still, we could not find any system that generates accurate MCQs from school-level textbook contents that are useful in real examinations.…