Eye gaze tracking has recently become indispensable for domains like virtual reality, augmented reality, human-computer interaction and advertisement. The commercial eye gaze tracking equipment is too expensive to be used by the masses. In this manuscript, a non-invasive, low-resolution ordinary camera-based system has been proposed for tracking…

Gender-stereotypical design, such as the predominance of blue colors in interfaces, leaderboards with only men at the top, and male avatars, may have negative effects on women in gamified tutoring systems, especially in courses with a majority of male participation, such as courses of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM). We…

Intelligent game-based learning environments have developed and created dynamic, effective, and engaging learning experiences, serving as a tutoring framework for students of different educational levels. Although game-based features have recently been shown to have the potential to improve intelligent tutoring systems in these learning…

The Attention, Relevance, Confidence, and Satisfaction or ARCS model is an effective motivational model that has been widely accepted by education practitioners. Literature on the ARCS model has focused primarily on aspects of educational settings, research methods, and outcomes. However, few studies have addressed the applications of the ARCS…

This study tested whether seeing others' typed messages while viewing video lectures affected learners' attention and learning performance. Participants viewed one of three versions of a video lecture: (a) conventional video lecture as control; (b) video lecture with others' programmed messages appearing onscreen when the instructor was giving…

A student's interest level can strongly affect the learning process, and thus, can be considered an important factor in the effort to improve learning. Presently, student interest is primarily assessed by administering questionnaires or conducting case analyses. However, this method cannot provide timely feedback in the learning environment to…

This research advances notions about how interactive learning environments that intentionally shape learners' identities can empower students and give them agency. Our work draws on research on teacher noticing, extends it to the community level, and orients it towards identity. We provide an instrumental case study approach that examines…

The main aim of this paper is to present results of an experimental test focused on the validity and effectiveness of composed methodology aimed at increasing the student's attention in Virtual Learning Environment. Areas of presented methodology which were subject of our research is students behavior during learning. The behavioral part of…

This study investigated student engagement and focused attention in three co-creation environments (a paper-based environment, the 2D Jamboard platform, and the CoSpaces virtual reality (VR) platform). The study utilized a quasi-experimental research design with a total of 66 tenth-grade students including 34 males (52%) and 32 females (48%) from…

Brief Summary: Technology-Based Embodied Learning (TBEL) is a hotspot in learning science. By systematically reviewing 49 SSCI journal articles, this paper revealed the relationship between any two of sample group, sample size, duration, subject distribution, research design, and measurement instrument, etc. In general, the major results showed…

Issues with joint attention, especially avoiding eye contact with others, are considered one of the core defects found in the early stages of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). This study is the first to use pupil reflection technology, which can be used to present an image of the participants within the virtual character's eyes on the…

With the rapid development of mobile devices and web-based technologies, it becomes common for students to switch between different tasks during study time. However, it remains unclear how the transition between on-task and off-task states happens and how digital devices affect the process. This study examines college students' independent study…

This quasi-experimental study examined the effects of digital game-based learning (DGBL) on elementary-school students' Chinese language learning, self-efficacy and attention. In total, 126 fourth-graders participated in the study for 6 weeks. Two digital games with different mechanisms (completion-contingent and performance-contingent rewards)…

Attentional control theory indicates that concentration is considered an important variable that contributes to learning. There are some devices for players to practice their concentration, but there are few virtual reality (VR) designs which can increase the level of difficulty for students to discipline their mental concentration with…

An emerging body of research has focused on students' creativity in group contexts, with the assumption that students could be inspired by peers' ideas. Although students' openness and attention to peers' ideas are claimed to play important roles in their creativity in group settings, there is little empirical research that tests this assumption.…