Background: Both eye movement modelling examples (EMMEs) and cues guide attention and improve learning in multimedia learning environments. EMME can act as a special form of cue. However, no studies have directly examined whether EMME would be superior to visual cues. Objective: The study was to investigate whether there were advantages of EMME…

Background: This study presents a Robot-Inspired Computer-Assisted Adaptive Autism Therapy (RoboCA[supercript 3]T) focusing on improving joint attention and imitation skills of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). By harnessing the inherent affinity of children with ASD for robots and technology, RoboCA[superscript 3]T offers a…

Background: With the rapid advancement of digital technology, student teachers must be proficient in evaluating digital information, resilient to digital distractions, and able to discern the usefulness of Information and Communication Technology. Objectives: This study investigates the relationships between these concepts at two points in time.…

Background: Vocabulary learning is an essential dimension of foreign language learning. The learners have a huge responsibility in this task. Among other factors, time constraints and an overall lack of maintained motivation on the part of students makes it especially challenging. Consequently, improving vocabulary learning requires strategies to…

Background: Examining student attention in physical classrooms is crucial, but it faces challenges due to the lack of accurate monitoring. Constraints posed by device limitations and the design of educational materials impede the integration of eye-tracking technology in these settings. Objectives: This study aims to (1) develop a wearable…

Background: Immersive virtual reality (IVR) is a new technology that could motivate learners, but also could contain distracting elements that increase cognitive demands on learners. In contrast, learning with conventional media, such as a narrated slideshow could be less motivating, but also less distracting. Objectives: This experiment…

Background: Flying accuracy is influenced by pilots' affective reactions to task demands. A better understanding of task-related emotions and flying performance is needed to enhance pilot training. Objective: Understand pilot trainees' performance and emotional dynamics (intensity, frequency and variability) based on training phase and difficulty…

Background: Virtual reality (VR) offers much potential for learning, but it challenges learners' orientation. Objectives: This paper investigates whether it is possible to use light or movement cues to facilitate orientation in a search task in a desktop-VR environment so that participants can better attend to the learning content presented…

Background: Mind wandering--that is, a shift in the contents of thought away from an ongoing task--can have detrimental consequences for students' reading comprehension. To date, no evidence is available on the effects of text-to-speech solutions on rates of mind wandering during reading. Objectives: The study aimed to evaluate the effects of…

Background: Many studies have highlighted the positive effects of visual programming instruction (VPI) on students' learning experiences, programming self-efficacy and flow experience. However, there is a notable gap in the research on how these factors specifically impact programming achievement and learning intentions. Our study addresses this…

Background: Over recent years, interest towards the use of immersive technologies has grown in parallel with the lowering of equipment costs: educators have started embedding them into their teaching practices at different levels of the educational system, from primary school to higher education. In general, immersive technologies are seen as…

Background: Gestures are an integral component in human-to-human communication when the speaker is visually present to the listener. In the past several years, research has examined how computer-generated pedagogical agents can be designed to perform the four main gesture types and what this means for agent persona and learning outcomes. The…

Background: There are only few guidelines on how instructional videos should be designed to optimize learning. Recently, the effects of social cues on attention allocation and learning in instructional videos have been investigated. Due to inconsistent results, it has been suggested that the visual complexity of a video influences the effect of…

Background: Being easy to learn and fun, block-based programming tools are widely used to teach students introductory programming. Scratch and LEGO robots are two popular block-based programming tools. However, the objects they manipulate are completely different. Scratch manipulates graphical virtual sprites, whereas LEGO robots manipulate…

Background: There have been several studies that involved technology-based self-monitoring procedures to increase on-task behavior. Although there are continued advancements in technology application such as functions that are embedded in the application (e.g., reinforcement, feedback), the appropriate use of technology is required to be…