Local teachers have been working with their colleagues and math coach for years on ensuring that oral discourse during their mathematics classes has them acting as a facilitator and allowing students themselves to make sense of the mathematics. Specifically, their discussions are aimed at having students reason mathematically because discourse and…

All good teachers recognize their students' varying learning needs and strive to meet them. So differentiation is certainly not a revolutionary idea. In fact, Tomlinson and Eidson describe differentiated instruction as "really just common sense" (2003, p. 1). In practice, however, offering such opportunities for students is challenging. In this…

Beginning in third grade, Pennsylvania students are required to take the Pennsylvania State Standardized Assessment (PSSA), which presents multiple-choice mathematics questions and open-ended mathematics problems. Consistent with the Communication Standard of the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics, while solving the open-ended problems,…