Spelling is an important skill that requires knowledge of phonology, morphology, and orthography, as well as strong visual memory. In this study, we introduce a spelling coding rubric that accounts for different knowledge types needed for spelling and can be used to describe error patterns for both encoding and decoding as part of the writing…

Aim: The cognitive-linguistic abilities of 2 subgroups of children with speech impairment were compared to better understand underlying deficits that might influence effective intervention. Methods: Two groups of 23 children, aged 3;3 to 5;6, performed executive function tasks assessing cognitive flexibility and nonverbal rule abstraction.…

This article describes the use of African American English (AAE) in the written and oral language of African American adolescents who struggle with writing. Written and oral language samples of 22 African American 10th-grade students were transcribed, analyzed, and coded for AAE, grammatical errors, spelling errors, and punctuation errors. Four…