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Direct linkKristina M. Tank; Tamara J. Moore; Anne Ottenbreit-Leftwich; Zarina Wafula; Lin Chu; Sohheon Yang – Journal of Research on Technology in Education, 2025
This study investigates the integration of computational thinking (CT) into early elementary literacy, focusing on kindergarten to second grade students, using multiple representations to understand their ideas of CT. Through clinical task-based interviews with 12 students, we found that concrete manipulatives, pictorial/graphical representations,…
Descriptors: Early Childhood Education, Computation, Thinking Skills, Inclusion
Rhodes, Katherine T.; Branum-Martin, Lee; Washington, Julie A.; Fuchs, Lynn S. – Journal of Educational Psychology, 2017
Using multitrait, multimethod data, and confirmatory factor analysis, the current study examined the effects of arithmetic item formatting and the possibility that across formats, abilities other than arithmetic may contribute to children's answers. Measurement hypotheses were guided by several leading theories of arithmetic cognition. With a…
Descriptors: Arithmetic, Mathematics Tests, Test Format, Psychometrics
