The article serves as a guide for researchers in developing evidence of validity using bivariate correlations, specifically construct validity. The authors outline the steps for calculating and interpreting bivariate correlations. Additionally, they provide an illustrative example and discuss the implications.

Data from the National Education Longitudinal Study of 1988-2000 (NELS: 88) were used to examine the characteristics of students who see their school counselor about general, academic, career, and academic issues. Study results indicated that overall, school counselors were more likely to have contact with students who are identified as at-risk…

Concern about the effects of counseling on ethnic minority clients has been repeatedly raised. Before embarking on a formal course of multicultural counseling sensitivity for counseling center staff, baseline client outcome data were sought as a method for evaluating the effects of this intervention. Archival data from a university counseling…