Background: Although adding embodied instructors on the screen is considered an effective way to improve online multimedia learning, its effectiveness is still controversial. The level of realism of embodied on-screen instructors may be an influencing factor, but it is unclear how it affects multimedia learning. Aims: We explored whether and how…

Cognitive load theory's incorporation of evolutionary perspectives suggests biologically primary knowledge, acquired through evolutionary processes, can support students in learning biologically secondary knowledge, the focus of typical educational curricula. Touch-based interactions using the hands are likely to be biologically primary. The…

In multimedia learning, there is a lot of new information that learners are exposed to, making it a cognitively intensive process. Poorly-designed multimedia lessons can introduce distractions that must be dealt with by the learner. However, learners do not all share the same skill at managing incoming information or holding capacity, which could…

The application and investigation of various virtual world experiences in language learning have been on the rise. However, mixed reality (MR) has received limited attention due to its ambiguous concepts, unclear affordances, and insufficient incorporation of theoretical frameworks. To promote the investigation and implementation of MR-enhanced…

Color has been investigated as a signaling cue in multimedia learning environments, guiding the learner's attention and as an emotional design element, increasing the learner's motivation and, thus, improving learning outcomes. Retrieval cues (e.g., visual cues, odor, sound) facilitating memory retrieval have been primarily investigated in…

The use of metacognitive prompting to support self-regulated learning is a well-established area of research in education. Despite receiving considerable attention, the precise mechanism of prompting and its effects on the learning process remain unclear, especially in the context of multimedia learning. This study employed a controlled laboratory…

Several studies in multimedia learning have examined the effect of emotional design. Recent findings from cognitive psychology provide opportunities for educators to use more direct ways of manipulating emotion to enhance learning. These studies have shown that emotionally arousing words and pictures are remembered better than neutral ones.…

Background: How to improve learning with online multimedia lessons has attracted widespread concern. Prior studies have attempted to help students learn by breaking a video lesson into several segments. However, there has been a debate about whether learners can use pause time effectively and whether prompting them to engage in different types of…

While the challenges of collecting multiple streams of digital trace data are diminishing with the help of the rapid development of learning technologies, the challenges of analyzing and understanding multimodal interactions remain substantial. Diverse multimodal data sources, such as digital tool use, speech, gesture, and more, can make it…

Recent findings from psychological studies have shown that emotional arousal improves human memory. However, more evidence is necessary if these results are generalisable to multimedia learning environments. Considering these needs, the study has the goal to examine the effect of emotional arousal on multimedia learning. Fifty-seven participants…

When you think back to your own experiences as a student, what was meaningful? Memorable? Had a lasting effect? Who are the teachers that stand out? And why? Throughout our lives, we have instructors both in and beyond the classroom, and upon intentional reflection, we can pick up on some qualities that make certain teachers more effective than…

Based on the knowledge generation model for visual analytics including uncertainty propagation and human trust building (Sacha et al. 2016), the cognitive theory of multimedia learning (Mayer, 2014), the multimedia principle (Butcher, 2014), and previous studies on the effects of different uncertainty visualization styles, an integrated…

A subject of physics includes various complex and sophisticated concepts that pose a challenge for both instructors to teach and students to grasp the clarity in the subject. Many researchers have discussed this challenge toward adopting an appropriate approach to teach physics in the institution. Therefore, the study reviews the research articles…

This article meta-analyzed 21 studies that tested the effectiveness of animated videos in improving learning in clinical and nonclinical settings compared with standard education. Animation was defined as the use of moving objects that are typically drawn or simulated. Videos ranged from just over 2 min in duration to 16 min in duration in…

Background: Past research has shown that seductive details (i.e., interesting, but irrelevant adjuncts in learning materials) hamper learning in short, instructor-paced learning sessions through impaired cognitive processing. Objectives: We integrate theory and research on multimedia learning and self-control to test whether detrimental effects of…