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Lee, Moosung; Ryoo, Ji Hoon; Walker, Allan – American Journal of Education, 2021
To test emerging narratives of principals' direct effect on student outcomes on a large scale, this study investigates whether school principals' time use for interacting with individual students is associated with academic achievement and student safety at school. Built on recent research on principals' time use, this study explores whether…
Descriptors: Principals, Time Management, Interaction, Context Effect
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Stefan Johansson; Kajsa Yang Hansen; Cecilia Thorsen – AERA Online Paper Repository, 2022
Academic resilience is difficult to define in an international setting, since economic levels and achievement standards vary across countries and over time. In studies of academic resilience, the concept is typically operationalized using pre-defined cut-offs of achievement and social background. The main objective of the current study is to apply…
Descriptors: Resilience (Psychology), Achievement Tests, Grade 4, Foreign Countries
Mullis, Ina V. S.; Martin, Michael O.; Foy, Pierre; Hooper, Martin – International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement, 2017
PIRLS (Progress in International Reading Literacy Study) was inaugurated in 2001 as a follow-up to International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement's 1991 Reading Literacy Study. Conducted every five years, PIRLS assesses the reading achievement of young students in their fourth year of schooling--an important transition…
Descriptors: Achievement Tests, Grade 4, Foreign Countries, International Assessment