Studying for entrance examinations can be a distressing period for numerous students. Consequently, many students decide to attend cram schools to assist them in preparing for these exams. For such schools and for all educational institutes, it is necessary to obtain the best tools to provide the highest quality of learning and guidance.…

Private supplementary tutoring became a widespread phenomenon in Japan during the 1960s. Since then, institutions providing tutoring known as "juku" have provided a wide range of services to supplement mainstream education. During decades of development, the shapes and functions of "juku" have changed in response to changes in…

This paper discusses the issue of tolerance of silence within university tutorials from a cross-cultural, comparative perspective. A mixed methods, quasi-experimental approach was employed to measure the length of silence which individual students from samples in Japan and the UK tolerated during a one-to-one staged encounter with their…