We live in an age of artificial intelligence (AI). Open AI, an American artificial intelligence organization, claims that generative chatbots are here to stay. Although computer technology remains unevenly distributed, the presence of AI continues to be felt in many areas of daily life. Further, AI development happens in few countries whose…

This research evaluates the psychometric properties of short-answer response items under a variety of grading rules in the context of a mobile learning platform in Africa. This work has three main findings. First, we introduce the concept of a differential device function (DDF), a type of differential item function that stems from the device a…

The acquisition of idiomatic expressions is one of the primary challenges to learners of English as a Second Language (ESL) in multilingual contexts such as Kenya; yet, the learners are expected to use these expressions in their writing. The study on which this paper is based sought to assess the teaching of English idiomatic expressions in Kenyan…