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The Effects of Manipulatives versus Algorithms and Procedures on the Teaching and Learning of Middle School Math Students
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Heather Shannon Fish – ProQuest LLC, 2022
This study sought to compare the effectiveness of teaching with manipulatives versus algorithms and procedures. Assessment data were collected before instruction, after instruction with algorithms and procedures, and after instruction with modeling and manipulatives. Data were collected from 113 students from the 5th, 6th, and 7th grades within…
Descriptors: Mathematics Instruction, Algorithms, Middle School Students, Manipulative Materials