Learning a foreign language is a long-term process requiring persistence and a willingness to engage in activities that will help develop communicative competence. An important role on the way to achieving linguistic proficiency is played by L2 grit. However, foreign language learners differ in the intensity of this trait. We identify the most…

This article reports on the results of an investigation into what matters to learners of language Massive Open Online Courses (LMOOCs). The study conducted content and sentiment analyses of learner reviews of LMOOCs to investigate the key themes/subthemes in learner reviews and learners' emotional tendencies in the themes/subthemes as well as…

This study presents essential findings that would be advantageous to the designers and practitioners of Language Massive Open Online Courses (LMOOCs). It reveals the key elements that contribute to successful LMOOCs, and how they are influenced by English as a foreign language (EFL) learners' personal characteristics (gender, age, and opened to…

Different types of gamification can be advantageous to enhancing students' learning. In contrast to the extant gamification literature focusing on designing reward systems and/or facilitating teachers' gamification of learning contents, this study focuses on the gamifying of learning content by students. To verify the efficacy of gamification as a…