The literature widely reports that pre-service teachers repeatedly demonstrate inadequate argumentation skills. Through a mixed-methods research approach, this study investigated the effectiveness of a holistic online scaffolding design for guiding the development of pre-service teachers' argumentation skills. Participants were randomly assigned…

As the digital age broadens opportunities for technology use in the classroom, educators must consider how to use technology to create rich and varied learning opportunities for English learners (ELs). This study examined four middle school teachers' perceptions and uses of multimodal technology with ELs in content-area learning. Findings indicate…