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Ute Knoch; Jason Fan – Language Testing, 2024
While several test concordance tables have been published, the research underpinning such tables has rarely been examined in detail. This study aimed to survey the publically available studies or documentation underpinning the test concordance tables of the providers of four major international language tests, all accepted by the Australian…
Descriptors: Language Tests, English, Test Validity, Item Analysis
Yufan Zhao; Vahid Aryadoust – Language Testing, 2025
This study examined the semantic features of the simulated mini-lectures in the listening sections of the International English Language Testing System (IELTS) and the Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL) based on automatized semantic analysis to explore the content validity of the two tests. Two study corpora were utilized, the IELTS…
Descriptors: Semantics, Computational Linguistics, Academic Language, Second Language Learning
Rebecca Sickinger; Tineke Brunfaut; John Pill – Language Testing, 2025
Comparative Judgement (CJ) is an evaluation method, typically conducted online, whereby a rank order is constructed, and scores calculated, from judges' pairwise comparisons of performances. CJ has been researched in various educational contexts, though only rarely in English as a Foreign Language (EFL) writing settings, and is generally agreed to…
Descriptors: Writing Evaluation, English (Second Language), Second Language Learning, Second Language Instruction
Pearson, William S. – Language Testing, 2023
Many candidates undertaking high-stakes English language proficiency tests for academic enrolment do not achieve the results they need for reasons including linguistic unreadiness, test unpreparedness, illness, an unfavourable configuration of tasks, or administrative and marking errors. Owing to the importance of meeting goals or out of a belief…
Descriptors: High Stakes Tests, English (Second Language), Language Proficiency, Language Tests
Farshad Effatpanah; Purya Baghaei; Mona Tabatabaee-Yazdi; Esmat Babaii – Language Testing, 2025
This study aimed to propose a new method for scoring C-Tests as measures of general language proficiency. In this approach, the unit of analysis is sentences rather than gaps or passages. That is, the gaps correctly reformulated in each sentence were aggregated as sentence score, and then each sentence was entered into the analysis as a polytomous…
Descriptors: Item Response Theory, Language Tests, Test Items, Test Construction
Hitoshi Nishizawa – Language Testing, 2024
Corpus-based studies have offered the domain definition inference for test developers. Yet, corpus-based studies on temporal fluency measures (e.g., speech rate) have been limited, especially in the context of academic lecture settings. This made it difficult for test developers to sample representative fluency features to create authentic…
Descriptors: High Stakes Tests, Language Tests, Second Language Learning, Computer Assisted Testing
Shin, Jinnie; Gierl, Mark J. – Language Testing, 2021
Automated essay scoring (AES) has emerged as a secondary or as a sole marker for many high-stakes educational assessments, in native and non-native testing, owing to remarkable advances in feature engineering using natural language processing, machine learning, and deep-neural algorithms. The purpose of this study is to compare the effectiveness…
Descriptors: Scoring, Essays, Writing Evaluation, Computer Software
Assessing the Speaking Proficiency of L2 Chinese Learners: Review of the Hanyu Shuiping Kouyu Kaoshi
Li, Albert W. – Language Testing, 2023
The Hanyu Shuiping Kaoshi (HSK) is a multi-level, multi-purpose Chinese proficiency test developed by the Center for Language Education and Cooperation (previously the Office of Chinese Language Council International and, henceforth, referred to by its colloquial name "Hanban"). It assesses reading, writing, and listening skills of…
Descriptors: Language Tests, Language Proficiency, Chinese, Second Language Learning
Warnby, Marcus; Malmström, Hans; Hansen, Kajsa Yang – Language Testing, 2023
The academic section of the Vocabulary Levels Test (VLT-Ac) and the Academic Vocabulary Test (AVT) both assess meaning-recognition knowledge of written receptive academic vocabulary, deemed central for engagement in academic activities. Depending on the purpose and context of the testing, either of the tests can be appropriate, but for research…
Descriptors: Foreign Countries, Scores, Written Language, Receptive Language
Wang, Zhen; Zechner, Klaus; Sun, Yu – Language Testing, 2018
As automated scoring systems for spoken responses are increasingly used in language assessments, testing organizations need to analyze their performance, as compared to human raters, across several dimensions, for example, on individual items or based on subgroups of test takers. In addition, there is a need in testing organizations to establish…
Descriptors: Automation, Scoring, Speech Tests, Language Tests
Deygers, Bart; Vanbuel, Marieke – Language Testing, 2022
The Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT) is a widely used test of receptive vocabulary, but no researchers to date have examined the performance of low-educated, low-literate L2 adults, or compared these individuals' performances to their more highly educated peers. In this study, we used many-facet Rasch analysis and mixed-effects linear…
Descriptors: Literacy, Educational Background, Verbal Ability, Intelligence Tests
Kim, Ahyoung Alicia; Yumsek, Meltem; Kemp, Jason A.; Chapman, Mark; Cook, H. Gary – Language Testing, 2023
English learners (ELs) comprise approximately 10% of kindergarten to Grade 12 students in US public schools, with about 15% of ELs identified as having disabilities. English language proficiency (ELP) assessments must adhere to universal design principles and incorporate universal tools, designed to increase accessibility for all ELs, including…
Descriptors: English (Second Language), Second Language Learning, Second Language Instruction, Students with Disabilities
Hsieh, Ching-Ni; Wang, Yuan – Language Testing, 2019
This study investigated a range of fluency, grammar, vocabulary, and content features of young language students' speaking performances, using a discourse-analytic approach. In total, 179 test takers' responses to the speaking section of the "TOEFL Junior"® Comprehensive test were selected for analysis. Mixed-design ANOVAs were used to…
Descriptors: Oral Language, Second Language Learning, Language Fluency, Grammar
Khabbazbashi, Nahal; Galaczi, Evelina D. – Language Testing, 2020
This mixed methods study examined holistic, analytic, and part marking models (MMs) in terms of their measurement properties and impact on candidate CEFR classifications in a semi-direct online speaking test. Speaking performances of 240 candidates were first marked holistically and by part (phase 1). On the basis of phase 1 findings--which…
Descriptors: Holistic Approach, Classification, Grading, Language Tests
Vandeweerd, Nathan; Housen, Alex; Paquot, Magali – Language Testing, 2023
This study investigates whether re-thinking the separation of lexis and grammar in language testing could lead to more valid inferences about proficiency across modes. As argued by Römer, typical scoring rubrics ignore important information about proficiency encoded at the lexis-grammar interface, in particular how the co-selection of lexical and…
Descriptors: French, Language Tests, Grammar, Second Language Learning