93 (Experiment 1 for simple task) and 120 (Experiment 2 for complex task) male high school students in Korea were randomly assigned to four types of groups. In both Experiments 1 and 2, there was no difference between groups in retention of visual materials. In Experiment 1, a simple task, the group that provided the entire image content in…

This experiment employed viewing time methods to investigate the effects of individual differences in visuospatial working memory (VWM) on the processing of older adults' bridging inferences in the understanding of visual narratives. The results showed that older adults could make bridging inferences in visual narrative processing, and that VWM…

The intense use of visual communication tools in today's knowledge and communication era does not mean that visual messages are correctly perceived and communication is appropriately structured. Similarly, it is just an assumption that people from younger generations, who are believed to have high levels of visual literacy, properly perceive the…

This study includes the educational utilization of Visual-culture digital-products, such as a documentary film, photographs, and historical texts. The research aim was for the students to develop visual literacy and enhance historical understanding through critical thinking by using products of visual-digital culture. Through the research…

New forms of visualizations are transforming how people interact with data. This dissertation explored how undergraduates learn with infographics. The following questions guided this research: (i) What do we know about the factors influencing the processing of data visualizations? (ii) How do task-level and learner-level characteristics impact the…

Introductory biochemistry courses are often challenging for students because they require the integration of chemistry, biology, physics, math, and physiology knowledge and frameworks to understand and apply a large body of knowledge. This can be complicated by students' persistent misconceptions of fundamental concepts and lack of fluency with…

Purpose: Previous research focused on graphical skills of the students, which remains a gap that exists, and there has not been comprehensive research on students' graphical literacy abilities. The present study aims to picture graphical literacy levels of the 8th grade students concerning the "reading," "interpreting,"…

The purpose of this study is to describe upper elementary students' understandings of four graphical devices that frequently occur in social studies texts: captioned images, maps, tables, and timelines. Using verbal protocol data collection procedures, we collected information on students' metacognitive processes when they were explicitly asked to…