The COVID-19 pandemic has challenged the American education system in ways few educators and policymakers could have imagined. Forced to shutter their doors in the spring, most schools pivoted to some version of remote learning but were unsuccessful in helping students grow (or even remain on track) academically. Even if the overall education…

The COVID-19 pandemic devastated student achievement, with declines rivaling those after Hurricane Katrina. These losses widened achievement gaps between historically marginalized students and their peers. Three years later, achievement remains behind pre-pandemic levels for many students. This paper examines 2022-23 academic recovery efforts…