With courses being moved online because of COVID-19, there is a need for exploring innovative and effective online teaching models. This article firstly introduces the pedagogical practice of the fully online flipped instruction (FOFI), an adaptation of the flipped classroom approach that is employed completely online, which has been adopted for…

Current research suggests that student engagement with academic schoolwork in secondary school classrooms is often insufficient. This issue is of relevance because student engagement is a prerequisite for acquiring knowledge and skills and is also a mediator of achievement and important life outcomes. In response to this, the present study…