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Luigi A. E. Degni; Sara Garofalo; Gianluca Finotti; Francesca Starita; Trevor W. Robbins; Giuseppe di Pellegrino – npj Science of Learning, 2024
Motivational (i.e., appetitive or aversive) cues can bias value-based decisions by affecting either direction and intensity of instrumental actions. Despite several findings describing important interindividual differences in these biases, whether biological sex can also play a role is still up to debate. By comparing females and males in both…
Descriptors: Gender Differences, Motivation, Cues, Decision Making
Smedley, Elizabeth B.; Smith, Kyle S. – Learning & Memory, 2018
Sign-tracking is a form of autoshaping where animals develop conditioned responding directed toward stimuli predictive of an outcome even though the outcome is not contingent on the animal's behavior. Sign-tracking behaviors are thought to arise out of the attribution of incentive salience (i.e., motivational value) to reward-predictive cues. It…
Descriptors: Cues, Rewards, Persistence, Responses