Educators often observe differences in students' writing productivity, with some students stopping early while others continue to write for the given time. This study demonstrates how planning and goal setting are related to these written production patterns. A Growth Mixture Model identified three groups of writers: the "Early…

The increased adoption of online learning environments has resulted in the availability of vast amounts of educational log data, which raises questions that could be answered by a thorough and accurate examination of students' online learning behaviours. Event logs describe something that occurred on a platform and provide multiple dimensions that…

The digital transformation in education and the widespread use of mobile devices have blurred the boundaries between students' learning and entertainment, increasing the prevalence of cyberloafing among college students. To address the inconsistent effects of cyberloafing on academic achievement, this study proposed a curvilinear relationship…

With the rapid development of mobile devices and web-based technologies, it becomes common for students to switch between different tasks during study time. However, it remains unclear how the transition between on-task and off-task states happens and how digital devices affect the process. This study examines college students' independent study…

Background: Social annotation has emerged as a promising educational technology that fosters collaborative reading and discussion of digital resources among learners. While the positive impact of social annotation on students' learning process and performance is widely acknowledged, students' behavioural patterns in social annotation are…

This study aims to track college students' on-task rate during the teaching process and to analyze the influence of instructional strategies on on-task rate through the aspects of observable and internal engagement indicators. Thirty-six undergraduate students at a higher education institution in China participated in the study. Students'…

Students organize and manage their own learning time, choosing when, what, and how to study due to the flexibility of online learning. Each person has unique learning habits that define their behaviours and distinguish them from others. To investigate the temporal behaviour of students in online learning environments, we seek to identify suitable…

We present an empirical study on the use of keystroke analytics to capture and understand how writers manage their time and make inferences on how they allocate their cognitive resources during essay writing. The results suggest three distinct longitudinal patterns of writing process that describe how writers approach an essay task in a writing…

The last two decades have witnessed a quick shift from pen-and-paper writing to computer keyboard writing. Corresponding to this shift in the writing medium are vigorous research efforts to understand new features of writing in computer keyboard settings. Using Inputlog7.0, this study investigated the writing process of 60 Chinese English as a…

Cognitive effort is costly and this cost likely influences the activities in which children engage. Yet, little is known about how school-age children perceive cognitive effort. The subjective value of cognitive effort, that is, how valuable or costly effort is perceived, was investigated in seventy-three 7- to 12-year-olds using an effort…

This study examines whether including more contextual information in data analysis could improve our ability to identify the relation between students' online learning behavior and overall performance in an introductory physics course. We created four linear regression models correlating students' pass-fail events in a sequence of online learning…

Background: Sedentary behavior (SB) is related to unhealthy outcomes and is performed in many contexts, including school. The aim of this study was to identify sociodemographic, biological, and psychosocial correlates of SB performed at school in a sample of adolescents. Methods: Adolescents provided information regarding sex, age, socioeconomic…