The COVID-19 pandemic has challenged the American education system in ways few educators and policymakers could have imagined. Forced to shutter their doors in the spring, most schools pivoted to some version of remote learning but were unsuccessful in helping students grow (or even remain on track) academically. Even if the overall education…

Private supplementary tutoring became a widespread phenomenon in Japan during the 1960s. Since then, institutions providing tutoring known as "juku" have provided a wide range of services to supplement mainstream education. During decades of development, the shapes and functions of "juku" have changed in response to changes in…