As China joined the World Trade Organization (WTO) and its national strength continued to grow, enthusiasm for learning Chinese has been heating up globally. Chinese language education has gradually integrated into the education systems of more countries, becoming a significant focus of attention and study. However, despite the increasing demand…

Interest in identifying factors influencing educational success is growing. It is often observed that a group of students share the same external variables (school environment) yet have different results, which states that individual variables have more impact on the determination of academic performance. Therefore, the present study aimed to…

The emergence of generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) chatbots has created opportunities and challenges for higher education. Extant scholarship has explored GenAI's capabilities and topics involving teachers' and students' perceptions of these tools. However, there is limited research exploring (1) whether second language (L2) learners…

An increasing number of language testing companies are developing and deploying deep learning-based automated essay scoring systems (AES) to replace traditional approaches that rely on handcrafted feature extraction. However, there is hesitation to accept neural network approaches to automated essay scoring because the features are automatically…

This article reports on the findings of a research study which has approached language learning motivation (LLM) following Ushioda's (2009) person-in-context relational view of L2 motivation, Consoli's life capital (2021, 2022), Dweck's mindset (2017) and Dörnyei's vision system (2009). Our study provides insights into how LLM research is key to…

Although extensive research has focused on the perceptual abilities of second language (L2) learners, a significant gap persists in understanding how cognitive functions like phonological short-term memory (PSTM) and nonverbal intelligence (IQ) impact L2 speech perception. This study sets out to investigate the discrimination of L2 English…

This study examined the effects of fluid intelligence and trait emotional intelligence (trait EI) on academic performance in primary school-aged intellectually gifted and average children (8-11 years of age). One hundred and four average children and eighty gifted children were administered a Raven's Standard Progressive Matrices and a Trait…

Distance education between the student and the teacher through online sessions can make it difficult for a student who does not understand a concept to ask for clarification. Lack of a physical campus or social pressure from peers can demotivate students from completing their assignments. The framework of multi-intelligence English teaching based…

As educational technology advances, the role of artificial intelligence (AI) in enhancing language education becomes increasingly prominent. However, there is a scarcity of empirical research assessing how AI integration influences student engagement and contributes to the language learning performance. This mixed-methods study seeks to fill the…

Virtual Reality (VR) has been utilized in foreign language education for over 50 years, and it has gone through four distinct stages in foreign language education: Two-dimensional (2D) text-based VR, three-dimensional (3D) desktop-based VR, 3D HMD-based VR, and AI-enhanced 3D HMD-based VR. Drawing on relevant studies and examples, this article…

This study investigates the effectiveness of teacher, AI-generated, and hybrid teacher-AI feedback on university students' English writing performance in Hong Kong. Using a mixed-methods approach, the research examines the impact of different feedback types on student motivation, feedback quality, and essay revisions. A total of 1,267 students…

Recent developments in Generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI) technologies have had significant implications for English language education worldwide, opening up new opportunities and challenges. Both researchers and practitioners are increasingly exploring the necessary capabilities that English language learners should possess in relation to…

Recent investigations in automated essay scoring research imply that hybrid models, which combine feature engineering and the powerful tools of deep neural networks (DNNs), reach state-of-the-art performance. However, most of these findings are from holistic scoring tasks. In the present study, we use a total of four prompts from two different…

Artificial intelligence-mediated informal digital learning of English (AI-IDLE) might strengthen second language (L2) learners' motivational self-concept (e.g., the ideal L2 self) and enhance their foreign language enjoyment (FLE) by enabling them to build confidence, engagement, and willingness to practice their English skills in a self-directed,…

Generative Pre-trained Transformers (GPT) have shown promise as More Knowledgeable Others(MKO) for English Language Learners (ELLs) by providing on-demand, contextualized feedback within the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD). In this study, a web app collected spoken responses from 680 adult ELLs, automatically transcribed them and sent them to…