Automatic Item Generation (AIG) is an extremely useful tool to construct many high-quality exam items more efficiently than traditional item writing methods. A large pool of items, however, presents challenges like identifying a particular item to meet a specific need. For example, when making a fixed form exam, best practices forbid item stems…

Selecting undergraduate majors or specializations is a crucial decision for students since it considerably impacts their educational and career paths. Moreover, their decisions should match their academic background, interests, and goals to pursue their passions and discover various career paths with motivation. However, such a decision remains…

In low-stakes assessment settings, students' performance is not only influenced by students' ability level but also their test-taking engagement. In computerized adaptive tests (CATs), disengaged responses (e.g., rapid guesses) that fail to reflect students' true ability levels may lead to the selection of less informative items and thereby…