To examine developmental processes, intervention effects, or both, longitudinal studies often aim to include measurement intervals that are equally spaced for all participants. In reality, however, this goal is hardly ever met. Although different approaches have been proposed to deal with this issue, few studies have investigated the potential…

Based on control-value theory (CVT), we examined longitudinal relations between students' control and value appraisals, three activity-related achievement emotions (enjoyment, anger, and boredom), and math achievement (N = 1,716 fifth and seventh grade students). We assessed appraisals and emotions with self-report measures of perceived competence…

This study examined the mediating role of self-esteem on the relationship between parental attachment security and social anxiety in children, separating maternal and paternal attachment. A total of 298 Korean children in 5th and 6th grade participated. Using structural equation modeling, results showed that the research model fit the data well…

In this study, the associations between social support, reading confidence and English reading amount were examined using a sample of Grade 5 and Grade 6 primary school students (N = 570) in Hong Kong. It was hypothesised that the effect of parent support, teacher support, and peer support on reading amount was mediated by reading confidence. Age…

Bilingualism appears to be related to poor language and reading comprehension in the instructional language (L2). However, in the long term, an early age of second language acquisition (AoA) may produce higher levels of second language skills than a later onset of L2 exposure. Most studies on school-aged second language learners (L2 learners)…