Students' difficulties in algebra are generally caused by the use of algebraic notation, the meaning of letters, as well as the types of relationships or methods used. Therefore, interpreting letters in algebra is one of the critical points in the transition from arithmetic to algebra. However, many students have misconceptions in interpreting…

The Arabic writing system allows for two representations: vowelized or non-vowelized. The vowelized writing, which characterizes the writing in the Koran, classical literature and children's books, includes the long and short vowels and all the vowels, including the vowels that express syntax functions (the final vowels). In non-vowelized writing,…