We aimed to identify individual (family) and school protective factors that are critical to academic success among African American students, using Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory. A total of 2020 African American students in 463 schools from the Educational Longitudinal Study provided data. We developed a multilevel logistic model…

This study examined the effects of shadow education on high school students' creative thinking and academic achievement in mathematics. Data from the Seoul Education Longitudinal Study were used for the analyses, including descriptive statistics, path analyses, and multiple group analyses. The results reveal that shadow education negatively…