Previous research links personalized learning with gains in student motivation and learning outcomes. Understanding the methods and processes students use when they engage in informal learning can help instructors facilitate personalized learning more effectively and efficiently. Toward that end, our study develops a theoretical framework for…

Multimedia principles such as segmentation, learner control, and modality have been proposed to ensure animated demonstrations (AD) effectiveness. However, several studies that apply multimedia principles in different learning contexts with different learners have found boundary conditions for several effects. This study thus aimed to investigate…