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Direct linkAditi Bhutoria; Nayyaf Aljabri; Saheli Bose – International Journal of Child Care and Education Policy, 2025
This paper examines whether parental engagement in early childhood and preschooling act as substitutes, or whether their joint effect enhances students' learning outcomes. We utilize the TIMSS 2019 dataset and employ a hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) approach to analyze data from 52 countries, ensuring a robust examination of cross-national…
Descriptors: Early Childhood Education, Parenting Skills, Child Rearing, Preschool Children
Stack, Kristen F.; Dever, Bridget V. – School Psychology, 2021
Student motivation predicts academic achievement, engagement, and related academic behaviors. Yet in spite of the importance of motivation for academic success, few studies have examined the school and national-level contextual characteristics associated with motivation. The present study uses hierarchical linear modeling to analyze a large…
Descriptors: Grade 8, Student Motivation, Mathematics Achievement, Institutional Characteristics
