This study analyzes the consequences of item nonresponse to the question about a household's total net income in the European Social Survey (2008-2018). We recognize two mechanisms in avoiding answering the income question: task complexity and question sensitivity, and apply multilevel logistic regressions to predict the probability of refusals or…

Many developmental and proactive advising approaches used when working with students in academic difficulty emphasize the importance of students' behavioral change but rarely address societal and institutional barriers that contribute to their poor performance. With the lingering effects of a national pandemic, unstable economy, political…