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Fernández-López, María; Mirault, Jonathan; Grainger, Jonathan; Perea, Manuel – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2021
Skilled readers have developed a certain amount of tolerance to variations in the visual form of words (e.g., CAPTCHAs, handwritten text, etc.). To examine how visual distortion affects the mapping from the visual input onto abstract word representations during normal reading, we focused on a single type of distortion: letter rotation.…
Descriptors: Reading, Alphabets, Word Recognition, Eye Movements
Pagán, Ascensión; Blythe, Hazel I.; Liversedge, Simon P. – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2021
Previous studies exploring the cost of reading sentences with words that have two transposed letters in adults showed that initial letter transpositions caused the most disruption to reading, indicating the important role that initial letters play in lexical identification (e.g., Rayner et al., 2006). Regarding children, it is not clear whether…
Descriptors: Reading Ability, Children, Age Differences, Spelling
Liu, Nina; Wang, Xia; Yan, Guoli; Paterson, Kevin B.; Pagán, Ascensión – Scientific Studies of Reading, 2021
The frequency and contextual predictability of words have a fundamental role in determining "where" and "when" the eyes move during reading in both alphabetic and non-alphabetic languages. However, surprising little is known about the how the influence of these variables develops, although this is important for understanding…
Descriptors: Eye Movements, Chinese, Alphabets, Word Frequency
Cong, Fengjiao; Chen, Baoguo – International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 2022
Reading is a very complex task in which readers obtain information to promote reading from not only the fixated word located in the foveal area but also non-fixated words located in the parafoveal area. We aimed to investigate the second language (L2) parafoveal orthographic (letter identity and letter position) processing mechanism adopting the…
Descriptors: Bilingualism, Reading Processes, Second Language Learning, Native Language
Yang Wang; Ismahan Arslan-Ari; Ling Hao; Kyungjin Hwang – Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy, 2024
This case study investigates the reading processes of two bilingual teachers who speak English as a second language and use different first languages--Mandarin Chinese and Korean. The two participants read researcher-selected digital texts in English and in their respective first language, retold the texts, and answered comprehension questions…
Descriptors: Alphabets, Romanization, Written Language, Bilingualism
Mor, Billy; Prior, Anat – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2022
Reading efficiently in a second language (L2) is a crucial skill, but it is not universally achieved. Here we ask whether L2 reading efficiency is better captured as a language specific skill or whether it is mostly shared across L1 and L2, relying on general language abilities. To this end, we examined word frequency and predictability effects in…
Descriptors: Prediction, Native Language, Second Language Learning, Reading Comprehension