Blended learning (BL) is regarded as an effective strategy for combining traditional face-to-face classroom activities with various types of online learning tools (e.g., e-books). An effective feature of e-books is the ability to use digital notes. When e-books are used in BL, the strategic adoption of note-taking provides benefits that influence…

Teacher-directed and self-directed learning have been compared across various contexts. Depending on the settings and the presentation of material, mixed benefits are found; the specific circumstances under which either condition is advantageous are unclear. We combined and reanalyzed data from two experimental studies investigating the effects of…