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Anwar, Yusara; Ali, Nor Liza – International Journal on Social and Education Sciences, 2021
The "language pyramid" in the post-colonial territories as propounded by Melchers and Shaw in 2003 aptly reflects on the status of different languages in Pakistan. At the top is English, with its heritage as a colonial language. Then is the "national" language Urdu which has nationalist value and is spoken by the majority as a…
Descriptors: Critical Theory, Language Planning, Language Dominance, English (Second Language)
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Fei, Yue; Weekly, Robert – International Journal of Multilingualism, 2022
This paper addresses the complexity of the linguistic situation in China by examining the language policy and language categorisation in the People's Republic of China (PRC), which has implications for how multilingual speakers conceptualise and practice 'language'. In addition, this paper examines the conceptual framework of translanguaging and…
Descriptors: Multilingualism, Language Usage, Native Language, Second Language Learning