Instructional videos are becoming increasingly popular in both formal and informal learning environments. This study aimed to examine the effects of on-screen representation (text or multimedia visuals) and context of examples (context-same or context-different) on retention, transfer, and perceived learning. Results demonstrated that varying the…

Online learning environments are challenging for deaf and hard of hearing (DHH) individuals. A major concern is split attention, which occurs when one simultaneously attends to multiple stimuli, a situation that characterizes most multimedia presentations and instruction that combines sound, text, images, graphs or charts, and video. Needing to…