Recently, the field of adaptive learning has significantly attracted researchers' interest. Learning path adaptation problem (LPA) is one of the most challenging problems within this field. It is also a well-known combinatorial optimization problem, its main target is the knowledge resources sequencing offered to a specific learner with a specific…

Background: Guidance has showed positive effects on promoting inquiry-based learning in science education. While an increasing number of studies focus on the design of guidance in simulation-based inquiry learning due to recent technology developments, how different designs of a same type of guidance affect learning remains a question. Objectives:…

Classical automated test assembly (ATA) methods assume fixed and known coefficients for the constraints and the objective function. This hypothesis is not true for the estimates of item response theory parameters, which are crucial elements in test assembly classical models. To account for uncertainty in ATA, we propose a chance-constrained…