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Hartmann, Christian; van Gog, Tamara; Rummel, Nikol – Instructional Science: An International Journal of the Learning Sciences, 2021
The Productive Failure (PF) approach prompts students to attempt to solve a problem prior to instruction -- at which point they typically fail. Yet, research on PF shows that students who are involved in problem solving prior to instruction gain more conceptual knowledge from the subsequent instruction compared to students who receive the…
Descriptors: Problem Solving, Failure, Observational Learning, Prior Learning