Most Chinese characters comprise radicals that are embedded in a specific structure (e.g., left-right structure like [Chinese characters omitted], or top-bottom structure like [Chinese characters omitted]). We investigated the representations of word-form units (i.e., radicals) in planning Chinese handwritten production. Adopting the picture-word…

This paper describes the difficulties faced by a group of middle school students (13- to 15-year-olds) attempting to translate algebraic statements written in verbal language into symbolic language and vice versa. The data used were drawn from their replies to a written quiz and semi-structured interviews. In the former, students were confronted…

This study examines how 31 middle-school children conducted multimodal analyses of video games. Over four consecutive days, students played video games for 30 minutes and then wrote written reflections about the multimodal symbols within the game and how these symbols influenced their interpretation and decision-making processes during gameplay.…