Remote proctoring, or monitoring test takers through internet-based, video-recording software, has become critical for maintaining test security on high-stakes assessments. The main role of remote proctors is to make judgments about test takers' behaviors and decide whether these behaviors constitute rule violations. Variability in proctor…

Rapport-building is perceived to enhance engagement, level of gratification, and collaboration, resulting in better student engagement in the learning process. The current study measures the extent to which postsecondary instructors promote a meaningful online environment through faculty-student rapport (FSR) in undergraduate English as a foreign…