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Direct linkRuoxuan Li; Lijuan Wang – Grantee Submission, 2024
Causal-formative indicators are often used in social science research. To achieve identification in causal-formative indicator modeling, constraints need to be applied. A conventional method is to constrain the weight of a formative indicator to be 1. The selection of which indicator to have the fixed weight, however, may influence statistical…
Descriptors: Social Science Research, Causal Models, Formative Evaluation, Measurement
