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Andrés Christiansen; Rianne Janssen – Educational Assessment, Evaluation and Accountability, 2024
In international large-scale assessments, students may not be compelled to answer every test item: a student can decide to skip a seemingly difficult item or may drop out before the end of the test is reached. The way these missing responses are treated will affect the estimation of the item difficulty and student ability, and ultimately affect…
Descriptors: Test Items, Item Response Theory, Grade 4, International Assessment
Matthias von Davier, Editor; Ann Kennedy, Editor – International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement, 2024
The Progress in International Reading Literacy Study (PIRLS) has been monitoring international trends in reading achievement among fourth-grade students for 25 years. As a critical point in a student's education, the fourth year of schooling establishes the foundations of literacy, with reading becoming increasingly central to learning across all…
Descriptors: Reading Achievement, Foreign Countries, Grade 4, International Assessment