This study investigated the trends and correlations between ocean literacy (OL), marine science learning interest (MSLI), and marine science learning motivation (MSLM) in Taiwanese high school students in a three-wave longitudinal survey, with an OL scale used to assess students' MSLI and MSLM. A total of 428 valid responses were collected. The…

The purpose of this study was to observe how within-person variation in motivation, self-efficacy and academic performance scores are correlated or can be predicted. The reciprocal association between these variables was analysed through a four-wave longitudinal study and a within-person analytical approach (random intercept cross-lagged panel…