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Direct linkChristopher Samuell – Current Issues in Language Planning, 2024
Private educational activities designed to enhance student outcomes outside the formal schooling system are increasingly referred to as shadow education. In Japan, shadow education traditionally consists of for-profit cram schools or "juku." "Juku" take many forms in Japan, yet their primary function is to offer students extra…
Descriptors: Tutoring, Socioeconomic Status, Decision Making, English (Second Language)
Takunori Terasawa; So Sudo; Takeshi Kajigaya; Ryosuke Aoyama; Ryuko Kubota – Current Issues in Language Planning, 2025
This paper examines recent reforms in English-language testing in Japan using a policy distraction framework. We identify the term 'washback (effect)' and other related discourses as major distractors and investigate how 'washback' discourses have functioned as political slogans or catchphrases in policy deliberation processes and how they have…
Descriptors: Testing Problems, English (Second Language), Second Language Learning, Second Language Instruction
