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Direct linkChristopher Samuell – Current Issues in Language Planning, 2024
Private educational activities designed to enhance student outcomes outside the formal schooling system are increasingly referred to as shadow education. In Japan, shadow education traditionally consists of for-profit cram schools or "juku." "Juku" take many forms in Japan, yet their primary function is to offer students extra…
Descriptors: Tutoring, Socioeconomic Status, Decision Making, English (Second Language)
