Recently, deep learning has become a pervasive tool in prediction problems for structured and/or unstructured big data in various areas including science and engineering. In particular, deep neural network models (i.e. a basic core model of deep learning) can be viewed as an extension of statistical models by going through the incorporation of…

Flow is an optimal experience that has received particular attention in learning due to its potential association with enhanced learning achievement. However, the strength and direction of the putative flow-fulfillment relationship remain unclear. Therefore, a PRISMA-directed systematic review was conducted in 2022 to examine the empirical…

The Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS) delineate three interrelated dimensions that describe what students should know and how they should engage in science learning. These present significant challenges for assessment because traditional assessments may not be able to capture the ways in which students engage with content. Science…