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Yasuki Noguchi – npj Science of Learning, 2024
When we memorize multiple words simultaneously, semantic relatedness among those words assists memory. For example, the information about "apple", "banana," and "orange" will be connected via a common concept of "fruits" and become easy to retain and recall. Neural mechanisms underlying this semantic…
Descriptors: Memory, Semantics, Short Term Memory, Brain
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Susanne Dyck; Christian Klaes – npj Science of Learning, 2025
New information that is compatible with pre-existing knowledge can be learned faster. Such schema memory effect has been reported in declarative memory and in explicit motor sequence learning (MSL). Here, we investigated if sequences of key presses that were compatible to previously trained ones, could be learned faster in an implicit MSL task.…
Descriptors: Learning Processes, Psychomotor Skills, Sequential Learning, Memory
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Felipe Pedraza; Bence C. Farkas; Teodóra Vékony; Frederic Haesebaert; Romane Phelipon; Imola Mihalecz; Karolina Janacsek; Royce Anders; Barbara Tillmann; Gaën Plancher; Dezso Németh – npj Science of Learning, 2024
The ability of the brain to extract patterns from the environment and predict future events, known as statistical learning, has been proposed to interact in a competitive manner with prefrontal lobe-related networks and their characteristic cognitive or executive functions. However, it remains unclear whether these cognitive functions also possess…
Descriptors: Learning Processes, Statistics, Executive Function, Relationship
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Danni Chen; Tao Xia; Ziqing Yao; Lingqi Zhang; Xiaoqing Hu – npj Science of Learning, 2024
People often change their evaluations upon learning about their peers' evaluations, i.e., social learning. Given sleep's vital role in consolidating daytime experiences, sleep may facilitate social learning, thereby further changing people's evaluations. Combining a social learning task and the sleep-based targeted memory reactivation technique,…
Descriptors: Sleep, Socialization, Evaluation, Memory
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Nicole E. Keller; Carola Salvi; Emily K. Leiker; Matthias J. Gruber; Joseph E. Dunsmoor – npj Science of Learning, 2024
Curiosity can be a powerful motivator to learn and retain new information. Evidence shows that high states of curiosity elicited by a specific source (i.e., a trivia question) can promote memory for incidental stimuli (non-target) presented close in time. The spreading effect of curiosity states on memory for other information has potential for…
Descriptors: Personality Traits, Memory, Questioning Techniques, Stimuli
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Beverly A. Wright; Ruijing Ning – npj Science of Learning, 2024
In many non-human species, learning retention decreases temporarily following training. This has led to the suggestion that these lapses reflect a fundamental component of memory formation. If so, transient memory lapses should also be prevalent in humans, and should occur for all types of learning. In line with these predictions, we report two…
Descriptors: Memory, Retention (Psychology), Training, Discrimination Learning
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Yue Li; Mikael Johansson; Andrey R. Nikolaev – npj Science of Learning, 2025
Contextual shifts are crucial for episodic memory, setting event boundaries during event segmentation. While lab research provides insights, it often lacks the complexity of real-world experiences. We addressed this gap by examining perceptual and conceptual boundaries using virtual reality (VR). Participants acted as salespeople, interacting with…
Descriptors: Memory, Computer Simulation, Context Effect, Adults
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Julia Carbone; Susanne Diekelmann – npj Science of Learning, 2024
Targeted Memory Reactivation (TMR) is a noninvasive tool to manipulate memory consolidation during sleep. TMR builds on the brain's natural processes of memory reactivation during sleep and aims to facilitate or bias these processes in a certain direction. The basis of this technique is the association of learning content with sensory cues, such…
Descriptors: Memory, Sleep, Neurological Organization, Brain
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Limor Shtoots; Asher Nadler; Roni Partouche; Dorin Sharir; Aryeh Rothstein; Liran Shati; Daniel A. Levy – npj Science of Learning, 2024
Evidence implicating theta rhythms in declarative memory encoding and retrieval, together with the notion that both retrieval and consolidation involve memory reinstatement or replay, suggests that post-learning theta rhythm modulation can promote early consolidation of newly formed memories. Building on earlier work employing theta neurofeedback,…
Descriptors: Memory, Brain Hemisphere Functions, Stimulation, Cognitive Processes
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Nathan W. Whitmore; Erika M. Yamazaki; Ken A. Paller – npj Science of Learning, 2024
When memories are reactivated during sleep, they are potentially transformed and strengthened. However, disturbed sleep may make this process ineffective. In a prior study, memories formed shortly before sleep were weakened by auditory stimulation when that stimulation provoked memory reactivation while also disrupting sleep -- a procedure known…
Descriptors: Memory, Sleep, Retention (Psychology), Recall (Psychology)
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Lena S. Geiger; Torsten Wüstenberg; Zhenxiang Zang; Mirjam Melzer; Stephanie H. Witt; Marcella Rietschel; Markus M. Nöthen; Stefan Herms; Franziska Degenhardt; Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg; Carolin Moessnang – npj Science of Learning, 2024
Procedural learning and automatization have widely been studied in behavioral psychology and typically involves a rapid improvement, followed by a plateau in performance throughout repeated training. More recently, brain imaging studies have implicated frontal-striatal brain circuits in skill learning. However, it is largely unknown whether…
Descriptors: Cognitive Processes, Brain Hemisphere Functions, Short Term Memory, Behavior Patterns
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Yicong Zheng; Aike Shi; Xiaonan L. Liu – npj Science of Learning, 2024
This Perspective article expands on a working memory-dependent dual-process model, originally proposed by Zheng et al., to elucidate individual differences in the testing effect. This model posits that the testing effect comprises two processes: retrieval-attempt and post-retrieval re-encoding. We substantiate this model with empirical evidence…
Descriptors: Short Term Memory, Models, Individual Differences, Testing
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Kenny Yu; Wolf Vanpaemel; Francis Tuerlinckx; Jonas Zaman – npj Science of Learning, 2024
Perception and perceptual memory play crucial roles in fear generalization, yet their dynamic interaction remains understudied. This research (N = 80) explored their relationship through a classical differential conditioning experiment. Results revealed that while fear context perception fluctuates over time with a drift effect, perceptual memory…
Descriptors: Generalizability Theory, Generalization, Fear, Learning Processes
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Zhijun Liao; Xiya Ao; Yulu Sun; Manli Zhang; Xiangzhi Meng – npj Science of Learning, 2024
Applying 10 Hz ([alpha]-rate) sensory stimulation, not 5 Hz ([theta]-rate), prior to introducing novel speech-print pairs can reset the phase of [theta] oscillations and enhance associative learning. This rapid gain indicates coordinated mechanisms to regulate attentional/cognitive resources ([alpha] oscillations) and facilitate memory storage…
Descriptors: Sensory Experience, Stimulation, Associative Learning, Attention Control
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Christoph Bamberg; Sarah Weigelt; Klara Hagelweide – npj Science of Learning, 2025
Learning behavioural responses and adapting them based on feedback is crucial from a young age, continuing to develop into young adulthood. This study examines the development trajectory and contributing factors from childhood to adulthood using a reversal learning paradigm. We tested 202 participants aged 10 to 22 in an online study, where they…
Descriptors: Early Adolescents, Individual Development, Learning, Age Differences
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