Previous research links personalized learning with gains in student motivation and learning outcomes. Understanding the methods and processes students use when they engage in informal learning can help instructors facilitate personalized learning more effectively and efficiently. Toward that end, our study develops a theoretical framework for…

Learning computer programming is typically difficult for newcomers. Demotivation and learned helplessness have received much attention. Besides the subject's intricacy, low in-class participation has been associated with poor student achievement. This paper presents a follow-up, stage 2 study on the novel instructional technique, Student-Driven…