Background: Although adding embodied instructors on the screen is considered an effective way to improve online multimedia learning, its effectiveness is still controversial. The level of realism of embodied on-screen instructors may be an influencing factor, but it is unclear how it affects multimedia learning. Aims: We explored whether and how…

It is commonly accepted that repeatedly using mental procedures results in a transition to memory retrieval, but the determinant of this process is still unclear. In a 3-week experiment, we compared two different learning situations involving basic additions, one based on counting and the other based on arithmetic fact memorization. Two groups of…

This study examined the difference in the dynamic visual acuity test (DVAT) between collegiate athletes who are deaf or hard-of-hearing (D/HoH) (n = 38) and university club-level athletes who are hearing (n = 38). Dynamic visual acuity was assessed using the Bertec Vision Advantage (Bertec® Corporation, Columbus, Ohio, USA). No statistically…